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The Impact of Shielding and Loneliness on Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic had profound effects on many aspects of life, from healthcare to lifestyle habits. One of the most impacts has been the mental and physical well-being of individuals, particularly those who are older. Our study published in PLoS One aimed to quantify the relationship between shielding status and loneliness at the start of the pandemic and how these factors affected physical activity (PA) levels throughout the period. Conducted in London, the study surveyed 7748 cognitively healthy adults aged 50 and above from April 2020 to March 2021. 

Methods

The study used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short-form to assess the physical activity levels of participants before the pandemic and six more times over the next 11 months. Linear mixed models were used to explore the relationship between shielding status and loneliness at the onset of the pandemic with physical activity over time.

Key Findings

Loneliness and Physical Activity

The study revealed that participants who felt 'often lonely' at the beginning of the pandemic completed significantly fewer Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) minutes per week during the pandemic. Specifically, they completed an average of 522 to 547 fewer MET minutes per week compared to those who felt 'never lonely.'

Shielding and Physical Activity

Those who were advised to shield or self-isolate at the beginning of the pandemic also showed reduced levels of physical activity. They completed an average of 352 fewer MET minutes per week compared to those who were not shielding. After adjusting for demographic factors, the decrease was 228 fewer MET minutes per week.

Additional Factors

No significant associations were found between shielding, loneliness, and physical activity after further adjustments for health and lifestyle factors. This suggests that co-morbidities and health status also play an influential role.

Conclusions and Implications

The study indicates that those who were shielding or felt lonely at the start of the pandemic were likely to have lower levels of physical activity during the pandemic. Co-morbidities and health status also significantly influence these associations. Given the profound impact of physical activity on overall health, targeted interventions may be necessary to support these vulnerable populations in maintaining an active lifestyle, especially during challenging times like a pandemic.

For healthcare providers, public health professionals, and policy-makers, these findings underscore the need for comprehensive approaches that address not just the physical but also the psychological and social aspects of well-being, particularly for older adults. By understanding the interplay between these factors, we can aim for more effective public health strategies that promote a holistic approach to health and well-being, especially in times of crisis.

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